Sri Lanka continues to grapple with transboundary air pollution, significantly impacting air quality levels across the nation. This issue arises from pollutants originating in neighboring countries, notably India and China, which are transported to Sri Lanka during specific monsoon periods.

Air pollution levels in Sri Lanka exhibit seasonal fluctuations, with the highest concentrations observed during the northeast monsoon (November to February). Conversely, the southwest monsoon (May to September) brings cleaner air, leading to improved air quality.

The presence of fine particulate matter, particularly PM2.5, poses significant health risks. In 2019, Sri Lanka's average annual PM2.5 concentration was 25.2 µg/m³, surpassing the World Health Organization's recommended limit of 10 µg/m³.

As of January 11, 2025, real-time air quality data indicates that several regions in Sri Lanka are experiencing moderate pollution levels. For instance, the Central region has an Air Quality Index (AQI) of 95, while the Western region reports an AQI of 80.

The primary contributors to transboundary air pollution include industrial emissions, vehicular exhaust, and agricultural activities in neighboring countries. These pollutants are carried over long distances by prevailing winds, affecting air quality in Sri Lanka.

Addressing transboundary air pollution necessitates collaborative regional initiatives. Sri Lanka has engaged in dialogues with neighboring countries to implement measures aimed at reducing emissions and improving air quality. However, the effectiveness of these efforts depends on the commitment and cooperation of all involved nations.

The persistent issue of transboundary air pollution underscores the need for sustained regional cooperation and comprehensive strategies to mitigate its impact. Until neighboring countries effectively manage their emissions, Sri Lanka may continue to face challenges in achieving optimal air quality levels.